PROTOCOLS

Protocols are set of rules and procedures for communicating. There are many protocols are used but some are commonly used protocols. They are:

TCP/IP
NetBEUI
DECnet
X.25
IPX/SPX and
AppleTalk
But the most important protocol is TCP/IP. In this protocol data transmission is managed by dividing the data into different pieces called packets. Each packet of data contains a part of actual data, source computer address, destination address, and information for reassembling data at destination computer. These packets of data travel along the fastest available path in the network. This type of data transmission is called packet switching and is used in internet communication. This is the reason that the protocol is also called Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP is divided into 3 usable classes and 2 experimental classes. Class A, B, C are usable classes and D, E are experimental classes. We can not use experimental classes in network.
Classes Range
A 1.X.X.X 126.X.X.X
B 128.X.X.X 191.X.X.X
C 192.X.X.X 223.X.X.X
D 224.X.X.X 239.X.X.X
E 240.X.X.X 254.X.X.X
127.X.X.X is used for troubleshooting.

SMTP

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and used to sending email messages between different email servers. SMTP is reliable and efficient way to transfer email. Today mostly email systems used SMTP to transfer their email on the Internet and the POP (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) protocol is used for retrieved email at client end.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a way for transferring files from one computer to anther remote computer or networks and this is most popular and fast way to transfer data from one location to another location using internet. FTP works almost same like HTTP for transferring web site from web server to user end. FTP uses the TCP/IP protocol for data transfer. The common function of FTP to download a file from remote server using the internet connection and webmaster upload their web site to the internet using FTP. Today FTP is the backbone of the MP3 music and support online game craze.
Usually a user needs a key get into FTP site is the username and password to access the files on the remote servers. When a user try to connecting to FTP site then you will be prompted for a username and password. The common facility known as anonymous FTP actually works via a special type of public guest account implemented on the remote system when downloading from the internet.
There is a different FTP client programs are available for uploading and downloading files to and from the server. The most commonly used FTP client programs are WS_FTP and Cute FTP

An FTP session normally involves the interaction of five software elements.
User Interface This provides a user interface and drives the client protocol interpreter.
Client PI This is the client protocol interpreter. It issues commands to the remote server protocol interpreter and it also drives the client data transfer process.
Server PI This is the server protocol interpreter which responds to commands issued by the client protocol interpreter and drives the server data transfer process.
Client DTP This is the client data transfer process responsible for communicating with the server data transfer process and the local file system. Server DTP This is the server data transfer process responsible for communicating with the client data transfer process and the remote file system.
RFC 959 refers to the user rather than the client. RFC 959 defines the means by which the two PIs talk to each other and by which the two DTPs talk to each other.
The user interface and the mechanism by which the PIs talk to the DTPs are not part of the standard. It is common practice for the PI and DTP functionalities to be part of the same program but this is not essential.
During an FTP session there will be two separate network connections one between the PIs and one between the DTPs. The connection between the PIs is known as the control connection. The connection between the DTPs is known as the data connection.
The control and data connections use TCP.
In normal Internet operation the FTP server listens on the well-known port number 21 for control connection requests.
The choice of port numbers for the data connection depends on the commands issued on the control connection. Conventionally the client sends a control message which indicates the port number on which the client is prepared to accept an incoming data connection request.
The use of separate connections for control and data offers the advantages that the two connections can select different appropriate qualities of service e.g. minimum delay for the control connection and maximum throughput for the data connection, it also avoids problems of providing escape and transparency for commands embedded within the data stream.
When a transfer is being set up it always initiated by the client, however either the client or the server may be the sender of data. As well as transferring user requested files, the data transfer mechanism is also used for transferring directory listings from server to client.

DHCP

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, and is used as communication protocol that assign dynamic IP addresses to the client computers automatically. DHCP also assign some other configuration setting to client computers for example Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS server addresses. DHCP assign unique IP addresses to all network and without DHCP an IP address must be entered manually at each computer by network administrator.

VOIP

VOIP stand for Voice over Internet Protocol, in common terms voice connection using internet protocol through internet. In technical words VOIP is a technology used to transmit voice using broadband internet connection instead of old analog phone lines. There are many VOIP software are available in the market used to connect voice phone call and VOIP service providers offer their service with very low rates as compare to old Phone line service.

VOIP technique transfers voice data using Internet protocol, that is why first it convert voice data into digital signal to travel on internet. There is no special equipment used to make VOIP connection and this can be completed with a good internet speed connection like DSL and a cable modem. You can make local call and also long distance call using VOIP but all depends on your VOIP service provider.
The main reasons to choose to VOIP connection:
Its lower rate as compare to traditional phone line. When you are calling PC-TO-PC phone call then it can be even no cast but with low cast you can make call PC to traditional phone line any where in the world. Some VOIP providers allowing you to makes unlimited calls on monthly bases with fix chargers. This is best option for a company to increase their performance with minimum cost.
There any many features and services VOIP provider offers that are not available with a traditional phone line companies.
There are a variety of devices that can take VoIP calls. Some aren't even hardware at all, but software programs you can install on your computer.